Fundamental aspects of ecological and environmental chemistry
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DUKA, Gh.. Fundamental aspects of ecological and environmental chemistry. In: Ecological and environmental chemistry : - 2022, Ed. 7, 3-4 martie 2022, Chișinău. Chisinau: Centrul Editorial-Poligrafic al USM, 2022, Ediția 7, Vol.1, pp. 28-29. ISBN 978-9975-159-07-4.. 10.19261/eec.2022.v1
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Ecological and environmental chemistry
Ediția 7, Vol.1, 2022
Conferința "Ecological and environmental chemistry 2022"
7, Chișinău, Moldova, 3-4 martie 2022

Fundamental aspects of ecological and environmental chemistry

CZU: [504+574]:54

Pag. 28-29

Duka Gh.12
 
1 Chemical Society of the Republic of Moldova,
2 Institute of Chemistry
 
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Disponibil în IBN: 2 martie 2022


Rezumat

Science usually involves the fundamental and applied research. Fundamental research means the basic, core studies. The task of fundamental research is to discover and substantiate the laws that underlie the existence and development of nature and society. Generally, the basic knowledge in science is a relatively small part of the scientific theories that researchers use for the applied research, which is much broader and generates added value in education, culture, business, environment, including science. The fundamental science is also called academic, because it is developed mainly in the academic institutions and universities. The fundamental ideas lead to the revolutionary changes, to the ―discoveries‖ and ―breakthroughs‖ in knowledge. Huge sums of money are being spent in the world for basic research, because only if it is successful, although less often, may lead to the serious changes in science and society. The Republic of Moldova, with regret, is an exception. Financing of fundamental research, as well as of applied research, is miserable, around a total of 15 million dollars, or $ 5,000 per researcher in 2021. At the same time, in Switzerland the annual funding allocations are of $ 406,000 per researcher, in the USA – $ 360,000 per researcher, in Germany - $ 295,000 per researcher. Let us take another example: funding for the Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences at the Newcastle University, UK, reaches ₤ 40 million a year. We should not forget that the immediate goal of the applied research is to implement the results, by using the results of fundamental nature, to solve the problems in social or industrial practice. In spite of under-financing of research activity in Moldova, we have have successfully completed the fundamental studies in ecological and environmental chemistry. Theoretical and experimental results allowed elucidating the key role of chemical, physico-chemical and biochemical processes in the environment, including the redox phenomena, pollutants‘ transformation, self-purification of natural waters and formation of chemical composition of the environment appropriate to the biological value of habitation. Etc. This approach is fully in line with the science of ecological chemistry which we have been promoting for over 30 years, and all seven international conferences organized to date have been to the results of this fundamental and applied research. The redox reactions are considered a real driving force of many natural processes, such as photosynthesis, respiration, water quality formation, self-purification, etc. To accurately estimate the ecological status of the environment, we used a variety of research methods, including the studies of physical, chemical and biological processes that take place in ecosystems, treated as ―open‖, dynamic systems. Many chemical processes in the environment are catalytic, or occur under the solar irradiation – photocatalytic processes. The most important natural oxidants we have used are O2, H2O2 and their free radicals (superoxide and hydroxyl) which have been investigated over the years, but the detailed mechanisms of their primary generation and subsequent behavior in the presence of labile metal ions, which could underlie the quantitative modeling, are still unclear. For this reason, on behalf of the Institute of Chemistry, State University and Technical University of Moldova, we have proposed a project ―Physico-chemical mechanisms of redox processes with electron transfer involved in vital, technological and environmental systems‖, No. 20.80009.5007.27, with the main objective to determine the mechanisms of the redox processes in vital systems, food and environment by studying the electronic structure, thermodynamics, kinetics and catalysis of the antioxidants interaction with oxidants to substantiate the electron transfer reactions. The situation is complicated by the fact that in the environment, unlike the laboratory experiments, there is no purity of reagents, but there is always a whole mixture of participating transition metals. There is a cross-influence of species that react over time and so the question of the mechanisms of reactions is still open. Our concept is that the redox processes with participation of O2 and H2O2 in the presence of metal ions with variable valence always go first and foremost through the formation of complex intermediate compounds. And only then they can contribute to the emergence of different types of free radicals and / or various intermediate forms of chemicals. Our goal is to create a new unified theory or revise the current variant of the redox processes in environment, based on the fundamental research of the chemical reactions‘ mechanisms with the participation of natural oxidizing agents in the presence of transition metals. To this end, we have performed the comprehensive studies of the mechanisms of chemical reactions involving the natural oxidants, including the kinetic studies of different systems, mathematical modeling and related problems solving, and instrumental determination of intermediate particles present in the detectable amounts. The research was focused on the study of the redox-processes‘ mechanisms, of non-radical and redox nature, including the activation of oxygen and hydrogen peroxide by the reduced metal ions, as well as the redox processes accompanied by the formation of free radicals and complex compounds with partial charge, studying their reactivity towards the certain types of pollutants.