The article states the topicality of the research of Soviet childhood in the Republic of Moldova, the degree of its research, the sources and the main issues proposed for elucidation. It is emphasized that the research of the Soviet childhood is part of the interference of the ethnology of Sovietness and childhood ethnology. The works of researchers Margaret Mead and Philip Aries serve as an important theoretical and reference support in the research of topics related to childhood in general. Despite the fact that there are many sources for research on Soviet childhood, this was not the subject of a separate study. The research of Soviet childhood will allow the presentation of children in the context of political and socio-economic realities of the Moldovan SSR. It will also contribute to a better understanding of the ethnic processes carried out in the Moldovan SSR in which new social and ethno-cultural identities were formed. The research of the proposed topic will contribute to the approach to social history, as well as to the development of the anthropology of the Soviet society, the ethnology of the Sovietness – a direction in development both in the post-Soviet space and in the Western one.