Studying actual problems and prospects of the development of society, researchers increasingly focus attention on the institutional factors. The national mentality plays the key role among them. It can act as a locomotive, and a brake on the movement of a particular society. Mentality, being the core of individual and group culture, largely determines the characteristics of interests, motives, actions of people, affects the historical trajectory and the results of national development. Progressive movement of any state is possible with reliance on the mental specificity of the nation and the strengthening of its positive effects. Based on the dominant features of the Moldovan society, in this article was proposed the directions of the successful implementation of the mental potential in socio-economic transformations.