In 40-70th years of XX century in the Republic of Moldova were held oil and gas geological prospection. In result of this work was mention some boreholes with oil or bitumen indication. In our day in Republic of Moldova are known, only one deposit of oil at Valeni, and two gas deposits one at Beresti and other one at Victorovca. Other known fossil fuel from Republic of Moldova is coal area at Vulcanesti, Etulia and Cahul. In southern region of Republic of Moldova there are a lot direct and indirect indications of hydrocarbons, between them we can mentioned next: existing deposits of gas and oil, mud volcanoes, boreholes with presence of oil and bitumen, geological structure that can be traps for hydrocarbons and presence of source rocks, presence of hydrocarbons deposits in neighbor territory of Romania and Ukraine with similar geological structure. In this propose area the most perspective is region of Preddobrogean Depression, where are maximal power of sedimentary rocks that can be mother rock for oil. Successful realization of hydrocarbons geological prospection will give very good perspective for economical development of country based on really energy security. The future potential work of prospection and exploration must be coordinate and take in account with specific conditions of high density population and high quality agriculture land.