Microbial capacity for solving of bioecological problems of Moldova
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2020-04-04 23:04
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BURTSEVA, Svetlana, SYRBU, T., BYRSA, Maxim, BIRITSA, Kristina. Microbial capacity for solving of bioecological problems of Moldova. In: Conservation of plant diversity, Ed. 4, 28-30 septembrie 2015, Chișinău. Chișinău: Gradina Botanica (Institut), 2015, Ediția 4, p. 114. ISBN 978-9975-3036-8-2.
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Conservation of plant diversity
Ediția 4, 2015
Simpozionul "Conservation of plant diversity"
4, Chișinău, Moldova, 28-30 septembrie 2015

Microbial capacity for solving of bioecological problems of Moldova


Pag. 114-114

Burtseva Svetlana, Syrbu T., Byrsa Maxim, Biritsa Kristina
 
Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology of the ASM
 
Disponibil în IBN: 15 mai 2019


Cuvinte-cheie
Micromycetes, Streptomycetes, antifungal, antibacterial activity


Teza

It is known that for the development of ecological agriculture, mainly biological drugs are used to protect plants from diseases, not protection chemicals – pesticides. Compared with plant protection chemicals - pesticides, biological drugs have low toxicity and are less dangerous to humans, animals and the environment, do not violate the natural links in the biocenosis, have a selective effect (no effect on beneficial insects - entomophages) do not contribute to the emergence of resistance in insects – pests. Biological drugs are used alone, as well as in integrated protection methods. A biological method to protect plants is based on the use of microbial antagonists. The mechanism of action of these microorganisms on the phytopathogens includes competition for food, the effective colonization of the rhizosphere, the synthesis of antibiotic substances, etc. The most promising producers of biological drugs for crop protection include spore-forming bacteria, fungi and streptomycetes.  200 micromycetes and 223 streptomycetes were isolated from 6 soil samples of Central Part of Moldova. The antimicrobial properties of the tested micromycetes and streptomycetes were determined by using method of agar blocks (Egorov, 2004). As test-cultures were used: Aspergillus niger; Alternaria alternata; Botrytis cinerea; Sclerotinia sclerotiorum; Thielaviopsis basicola; Rhyzoctonia solani; Penicillium expansum; Fusarium solani; Fusarium oxysporum; Fusarium gibbosum; Fusarium graminearum; Fusarium nivale; Xanthomonas campestris, Bacillus subtilis and Corynebacterium  miciganense. From 1-st soil sample, major interest presented strains of micromycetes № 1, 2, 5 and 8, antifungal range which is 3-10 test strains of fungi. These strains are able to inhibit the growth of Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, the zone of growth inhibition ranged from 15 mm to 25 mm. The strains isolated from samples 2 and 3 are less active as compared to the strains from soil sample 1 and only strains № 32 and 62 are able to inhibit the growth of 10 plant pathogenic fungi, and they are active against the phytopathogenic bacteria such as Corynebacterium miciganense and Bacillus subtilis. Inhibition of zones of growth ranged from 20 to 38 mm. Strains isolated from soil samples 4 and 5 are more active against fusariums and less active against bacteria, and strains isolated from the contaminated soil practically are not active to pathogens.  Comparing the antifungal activity of streptomycetes strains isolated from various soil samples, it should be noted that from the first sample strains № 9, 12, 14, 17 and 37 had antifungal spectrum ranged between 3-12 test fungi. Metabolites of strains № 9 and 12 had the ability to inhibit the growth of 10-12 pathogenic fungi. Such strains as streptomycetes № 10, 23, 33 and 37 are able to completely suppress the growth of Alternaria alternata, strains 10 and 17 – the growth of Botrytis cinerea, strain 9 – Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. From the 2-nd soil sample, interest presents strains № 44, 66, 76, 120, whose antifungal spectrum consists of 4-11 phytopathogenic fungi (inhibition of zone of growth of the test fungi – from 14 to 29 mm). Strains isolated from 3, 4 and 5 soil sample, characterized by smaller spectrum (phytopathogens amount is 2-7 strains with their inhibition of their zones of growth by metabolites, of isolated from soils of Moldova of streptomycetes strains from 10 to 27 mm). The antifungal activity of the strains isolated from soils contaminated by pesticides was low – zones from 10 to 20 mm. The antibacterial activity of these strains of streptomycetes was also low – 12.0-19.0 mm, compared with strains such as 9, 23, 42, 52, 66, 151 and 172, which metabolites inhibit the active growth of such phytopathogenic bacteria as Xanthomonas campestris and Corynebacterium miciganense (zones of 20 to 27 mm). Thus, isolated from soil of Moldova streptomycetes and micromycetes, can be considered as a basis for obtaining effective biological drugs against pathogens of crops widespread in Moldova.