Elaborated on the occasion of the completion of a century from the foundation of the New Romania, the beginning of which was made by the historic Country Council’s Declaration of March 27 (old st.) / April 9 (new st.) 1918 on the Union of Bessarabia with the Old Kingdom, the present study – the first of its kind in historiography, – pursues the objective of capitalizing the scientific heritage of the great French geographer Emmanuel de Martonne (1873-1955) on the history of Bessarabia and of its inhabitants. As noted in the study, the works of the geographer Emmanuel de Martonne treat both the geography of Bessarabia and its history, its inhabitants, the ethnic, linguistic and confessional aspect of Bessarabia at the end of World War I, the everyday life of the population, the appearance of dwellings, customs and traditions of the population – all these described with a particular talent and with a sincere sympathy of the author towards the respective Romanian historical province. Naturally, the geography, history and ethnography of Bessarabia are treated by the author in a general Romanian context, from which reason, the current study pleads on the capitalization of the most representative works of Professor Emmanuel de Martonne on New Romania in the context of New Europe at the end of the first world conflagration.