The paper describes the action of mineral fertilizers on the agrochemical indices of carbonated chernozem for an favorable agricultural year to the winter wheat. The available water reserves in the 0-100 cm layer at the wheat twinning phase both in the control and in the fertilized variants had an optimal degree of assurance (150-164 mm) and decreased to full plants maturity up to 37-67 mm. Nitric nitrogen in the control variant was 66 kg/ha and 147 kg/ha at the application of maximum dose of 180 kg/ha of nitrogen on the background of 3.5 mg P2O5/100 g of soil. At full plant maturity the nitric nitrogen was reduced by 31-45 kg/ha. Humus was maintained at the level of 3.15% in the layer of 0-20 cm and 2.69% in the soil layer 20-40 cm. Phosphorus ranged from the applied nitrogen dose. At the control variants was maintained on a natural background to twinning - full maturity plants 1.4 - 1.0 mg P2O5 mg/100 g in the soil layer 0-20 cm. The exchangeable potassium remains at a high level of 31 - 37 and 25 - 30 mg K2O/100 g in both soil layers.