Understanding the composition and evolution of the population is crucial for the development of effective public policies in a rapidly changing world. The need for reliable demographic and socioeconomic data persists to tackle modern societal challenges. The Population Census, amidst fast demographic change, is a vital source of statistical data that provides valuable information for governments, researchers and decision-makers. The purpose of this article is to emphasize the importance of the population census as an essential factual basis for the development, implementation, and evaluation of public policies. It aims to explore the history of censuses, data collection processes and the transformation of data into useful tools for policy development. The article also intends to showcase how census data has influenced policy decisions in various areas. The research methodology of this article is based on the analysis of official documents, previous research, and government reports related to the population census. It explores the complex data collection process, including peer review methods and data quality assurance. Moreover, the article presents concrete examples of how census data has been used to develop public policies. The article highlights the critical role of census data in developing public policies in various areas, including the efficient distribution of resources. It emphasizes that the population census remains an essential tool for understanding and identifying practical solutions to demographic and social problems in our society, contributing to improving the lives of citizens and building a better future.